Non-motor changes in Parkinson’s disease

In Parkinson’s disease, in addition to movement disorders, there is a wide range of non-motor changes (not related to movements). Mood changes are quite common and are an important symptom. In some patients, they may reduce the quality of life more than motor symptoms. The most common symptoms that may occur in Parkinson’s disease include depression, anxiety, and apathy.

Depression is characterized by a low mood, sadness, a sense of hopelessness, feelings of loneliness or guilt.
Anxiety, i.e., a feeling of nervousness, worry, tension, excitement. Patients may experience fear or panic attacks.
Apathy – loss of interest, enthusiasm, motivation for daily activities or social interaction.
Symptoms of altered mood can appear at any time. In some patients, such symptoms may even precede movement disorders, while in others, they may occur several years after the first manifestations of the disease.

Non-motor changes in Parkinson’s disease occur due to alterations in brain regions that control mood. The disease reduces the levels of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, which may underlie these symptoms. Your attitude towards the disease and certain psychosocial factors can also contribute to these symptoms.

There are several ways to treat mood disorder symptoms:

Antidepressants and anxiolytics can reduce the symptoms of depression and anxiety.
Dopaminergic medications that improve motor functions may also be effective for depression and anxiety, especially if you notice an improvement in your condition as a result of taking the medications.
Psychotherapy can be effective for these conditions, helping to reassess the attitude towards the illness.
Some physical activity programs, exercises, and an active social life can help in treating apathy.
Improving sleep quality and social support with stress limitation are also effective ways to combat non-motor symptoms of the disease.